BANKING SECTOR REFORMS POST LIBERALIZATION PERIOD
Since nationalisation of banks in 1969, the banking sector had been
dominated by the public sector. There was financial repression, role of
technology was limited, no risk management etc. This resulted in low
profitability and poor asset quality. The country was caught in deep economic
crises. The Government decided to introduce comprehensive economic reforms.
Banking sector reforms were part of this package. In august 1991, the
Government appointed a committee on financial system under the chairmanship of
M. Narasimhan.
FIRST PHASE OF BANKING SECTOR REFORMS / NARASIMHAN COMMITTEE REPORT –
1991: To promote healthy development of financial sector, the Narasimhan
committee made recommendations.
I)
RECOMMENDATIONS OF NARASIMHAN COMMITTEE:
1. Establishment of 4 tier hierarchy for
banking structure with 3 to 4 large banks (including SBI) at top and at bottom
rural banks engaged in agricultural activities.
2. The supervisory functions over banks
and financial institutions can be assigned to a quasi-autonomous body sponsored
by RBI.
3. Phased reduction in statutory liquidity
ratio.
4. Phased achievement of 8% capital
adequacy ratio.
5. Abolition of branch licensing policy.
6. Proper classification of assets and
full disclosure of accounts of banks and financial institutions.
7. Deregulation of Interest rates.
8. Delegation of direct lending activity
of IDBI to a separate corporate body.
9. Competition among financial
institutions on participating approach.
10. Setting up asset Reconstruction fund to
take over a portion of loan portfolio of banks whose recovery has become
difficult.
II) Banking Reform Measures of Government: On the
recommendations of Narasimhan Committee, following measures were undertaken by
government since 1991:-
1. Lowering SLR and CRR: The high SLR and CRR
reduced the profits of the banks. The SLR has been reduced from 38.5% in 1991
to 25% in 1997. This has left more funds with banks for allocation to
agriculture, industry, trade etc.
The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the cash ratio of a bank’s total deposits
to be maintained with RBI. The CRR has been brought down from 15% in 1991 to
4.1% in June 2003. The purpose is to release the funds locked up with RBI.
2. Prudential Norms: Prudential norms have
been started by RBI in order to impart professionalism in commercial banks. The
purpose of prudential norms include proper disclosure of income, classification
of assets and provision for Bad debts so as to ensure that the books of commercial
banks reflect the accurate and correct picture of financial position.
Prudential norms required banks to make 100% provision for all
Non-performing Assets (NPAs). Funding for this purpose was placed at Rs. 10,000
crores phased over 2
years.
3. Capital Adequacy Norms (CAN): Capital
Adequacy ratio is the ratio of minimum capital to risk asset ratio. In April
1992 RBI fixed CAN at 8%. By March 1996, all public sector banks had attained
the ratio of 8%. It was also attained by foreign banks.
4. Deregulation of Interest Rates: The
Narasimhan Committee advocated that interest rates should be allowed to be
determined by market forces. Since 1992, interest rate has become much simpler
and freer.
a) Scheduled Commercial banks have now the
freedom to set interest rates on their deposits subject to minimum floor rates
and maximum ceiling rates.
b) Interest rate on domestic term deposits
has been decontrolled.
c) The prime lending rate of SBI and other
banks on general advances of over Rs. 2 lakhs has been reduced.
d) Rate of Interest on bank loans above
Rs. 2 lakhs has been fully decontrolled.
e) The interest rates on deposits and
advances of all Co-operative banks have been deregulated subject to a minimum
lending rate of 13%.
5. Recovery Of Debts : The Government of India
passed the “Recovery of debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act 1993”
in order to facilitate and speed up the recovery of debts due to banks and
financial institutions. Six Special Recovery Tribunals have been set up. An
Appellate Tribunal has also been set up in Mumbai.
6. Competition from New Private Sector
Banks: Now banking is open to private sector. New private sector banks have
already started functioning. These new private sector banks are allowed to raise
capital contribution from foreign institutional investors up to 20% and from
NRIs up to 40%. This has led to increased competition.
7. Phasing Out Of Directed Credit: The committee suggested
phasing out of the directed credit programme. It suggested that credit target
for priority sector should be reduced to 10% from 40%. It would not be easy for
government as farmers, small industrialists and transporters have powerful
lobbies.
8. Access to Capital Market: The Banking
Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act was amended to enable
the banks to raise capital through public issues. This is subject to provision
that the holding of Central Government would not fall below 51% of
paid-up-capital. SBI has already raised substantial amount of funds through
equity and bonds.
9. Freedom of Operation: Scheduled
Commercial Banks are given freedom to open new branches and upgrade extension
counters, after attaining capital adequacy ratio and prudential accounting
norms. The banks are also permitted to close non-viable branches other than in
rural areas.
10. Local Area banks (LABs): In 1996, RBI
issued guidelines for setting up of Local Area Banks and it gave its approval
for setting up of 7 LABs in private sector. LABs will help in mobilizing rural
savings and in channeling them in to investment in local areas.
11. Supervision of Commercial Banks: The
RBI has set up a Board of financial Supervision with an advisory Council to
strengthen the supervision of banks and financial institutions. In 1993, RBI
established a new department known as Department of Supervision as an
independent unit for supervision of commercial banks.
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