[AHSEC Class 12, Business Studies Notes, Revised Syllabus, 2022 Exam, Nature and Significance of Management]
Class 12 Business Studies Notes
Unit – 1:
Nature and Significance of Management
Objective
Types Questions:
1. “Anything minus management is
nothing”. What does this statement tell?
Ans: This statement tells about the importance of management in
the organisation. Here anything refers to all types of business and
non-business activities and nothing refers to failure or loss.
2. Management is multi dimensional.
Write one dimension.
Ans: Management is a multi faced
activity or multidimensional. Three Dimensions are:
(i) Management
of work: It is concerned with performance of tasks in an organisation.
(ii) Management
of people: It implies dealing with employees as individuals and dealing with
individuals as a group.
(iii) Management
of operations: It is interlinked with both management of work and
management of people.
3. Name the level of management the
following posts belong to: Purchase Manager and Superintendent.
Ans:
Purchase Manager – Middle level management.
Superintendent – Lower level management.
4. What do you mean by “efficiency”
and Managerial Effectiveness?
Ans: Managerial Effectiveness: The
effectiveness of the managers is measured in the
effectiveness of the organization in achieving the organizational goals.
Managerial efficiency is
the proportion of total organization resources that contribute to productivity
during the manufacturing process.
5. Which function of management
ensures that actual activities conform to planned activities? Or Name the function
which reviews the operations in a business unit.
Ans: Controlling
6. Who are regarded as middle
management in a business organisation?
Ans: operational supervisors
7. List two social objectives of
management.
Ans: 1. Providing equal employment opportunities and 2. Providing
Good Quality Product
8.
What is POSDCORB? Who coined the term?
Ans: P –
Planning. O – Organising, S – Staffing, D – Directing, C – Coordinating, O –
Organising, R – Reporting and B – Budgeting. This term is coined by L. Gullick
and L. Urwick.
9.
Why is coordination known as essence of
Management? 2012
Ans.: Because it
is not a separate function of Management rather it forms a major part of all
the other functions of Management. It is the base of all other function of
management.
10.
Implementation of plan is the function of which level of
management? 2011
Ans: Middle Level
Management/ Lower level mgt.
11.
At which level business policy is
framed? 2015
Ans: Top Level
12.
Management is intangible and dynamic. (True or false) 2011
Ans: True
13. Who defined management as the art
of getting things done through others?
Ans: Harold Koontz
14. Why is it said management
principles are universal?
Ans: Universal
Application: Management principles are applied in every situation, where
the objectives are attained through group efforts. All social, economic,
political, cultural or even religious organizations apply management principles
for the successful operations of their activities.
15. How management is an intangible
force?
Ans:
Management is intangible: It cannot be seen
but it can be felt through the performance of the workers. Mismanagement if any
is quickly noticed and is a sign of poor management.
16. What do you mean by management?
Ans: Management is the coordination of all resources through the
process of planning, organizing, directing, staffing and controlling in order
to attain stated objectives effectively and efficiently. Effectively means doing the right task,
completing activities and achieving goals and efficiently means to attain
objectives with least amount of resources at a minimum cost.
17. Write one important objective of
Management.
Ans: Obtaining maximum output with minimum input: A successful management must achieve the
objectives of the business by making optimum utilization of available resources
effectively.
18. Why is it said that management is
pervasive? 2016
Ans: Because it is needed in all spheres say-business and non
business organization.
19. Why management is Goal oriented?
Ans: Every management activity is directed towards achieving
predetermined objectives of the organisation. That is why management is a goal
– oriented process.
20. “Management is a continuous process.”
Elucidate the statement.
Ans: It is a never ending process. It is
concerned with constantly identifying the problem and solving them by taking
adequate steps. It is an on-going process.
21. Why management is called a Dynamic
Function?
Ans: Management is dynamic: Under
dynamic environment management faces several challenges hence efforts are made
to develop and use new techniques for managing the organizations effectively
and efficiently. As social change takes
place, management also changes to overcome the problems whenever they arise.
22. Name two features of professions
which are not available in Management? 2016
Ans.: (I) Restricted entry (II) Ethical code of conduct which is
devised by ALL INDIA MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (AIMA).
23. In an organization employees are
happy and satisfied (there is no chaos and affect of management is noticeable
.which characteristic of management is highlighted by this statement?
Ans.: Management is an intangible force.
24. Name the process of working with
and through others to effectively achieve organization objectives by
efficiently using its limited resources in the changing environment?
Ans.: Management.
25. In order to be successful an
organization must change its goals according Management to the needs of the
environment. Which characteristic of Management is highlight in the statement?
Ans.: Management is dynamic.
26. Give any two characteristics of
Management?
Ans.: (I) Management is goal – oriented process. (II) Management
is all pervasive.
27. To meet the objectives of the firm
the Management of BPL ltd. It offers employment to physically challenged
person. Identify the organization and objective it is trying to achieve?
Ans.: It is social objective.
28. Name two features of professions
which are not available in Management? 2016
Ans.: (I) Restricted entry (II) Ethical code of conduct which is
devised by ALL INDIA MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (AIMA).
29. “The Management principles can be
applied to all types of activities” Which characteristic of Management is
highlighted by this statement?
Ans.: Management is all pervasive.
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ALSO READ (AHSEC ASSAM BOARD CLASS 12)
1. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES CHAPTERWISE NOTES
2. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTION PAPERS (FROM 2012 TILL DATE)
3. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS (FROM 2012 TILL DATE)
4. AHSEC CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
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Short and long answer Type Questions (2/3/5
Marks)
Q.1. What is Management? 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015
Ans: Management is the coordination of all resources through the
process of planning, organizing, directing, staffing and controlling in order
to attain stated objectives effectively and efficiently. Effectively means doing the right task,
completing activities and achieving goals and efficiently means to attain
objectives with least amount of resources at a minimum cost.
According to Modern concept “Management is a
process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and
efficiently.”
According to Harold Koontz, “Management is an
art of getting things done through others and with formally organised
groups." (This definition asked in
2015 exam)
Q.2. Explain the modern concept of
management.
Ans: According to the modern concept,”Management is a process of
getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and
efficiently.” This modern concept of management emphasise on the following
points:
a) Process: Management is a co-ordination of
all resources through the process of planning, organising, directing, staffing and
controlling.
b) Effective and efficient performance: The
modern concept implies that the employee must be effective as well as
efficient. Achieving a target on time denotes effectiveness of an employee and
achieving of target without wastage of resources refers to efficiency.
c) Achievement of organisational goals: The
modern concept of management insists that all activities of the employees must
be directed towards the achievement of common organisational goals.
Q.3. Mention features/characteristics/nature
of Management. 2009, 2013
Ans: Features of Management:
a)
Management
is goal oriented: Every management activity is directed towards
achieving predetermined objectives of the organisation.
b)
Management
deals with several functions: Management includes several functions such as
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, co-ordinating, controlling,
motivating or actuating, controlling, decision making, leadership and
communication.
c)
Management is intangible: It cannot
be seen but it can be felt through the performance of the workers.
Mismanagement if any is quickly noticed and is a sign of poor management. 2017
d)
Management is a continuous process: It is a never ending
process. It is concerned with constantly identifying the problem and solving
them by taking adequate steps. It is an on-going process.
e)
Management
is dynamic: Under dynamic environment management faces several challenges
hence efforts are made to develop and use new techniques for managing the organizations
effectively and efficiently. As social
change takes place, management also changes to overcome the problems whenever
they arise.
Q.4. What are the objectives of
management? 2008, 2010, 2012, 2019, 2020
Ans: Objectives of management are divided into four
main categories which are stated below:
1) Organisational Objectives: Organisational
objectives refer to high priority or core objectives which are essential for
the existence of an organisation. These objectives aim at the prosperity and
growth of the organisation. Some of the organisational objectives are state
below:
a) Obtaining maximum output with minimum input
and cost.
b) Improving efficiency of the factors of
production which will lead to excellent performance.
c) Reasonable profits so as to give a fair
return on the capital invested in business.
d) Survival and solvency of the business.
2) Social Objectives: Management is not only a
representative of the owners and employees but is also responsible towards
various groups outside the organisation such as consumer, government, creditors
etc. some of the social objectives are stated below:
a) Supply of quality goods and services at
reasonable prices.
b) Honest and regular payment of taxes to the
government.
c) Using eco-friendly method of production.
d) Fair dealings with suppliers, dealers and
competitors.
e) Providing employment opportunities to the weaker
section of the society.
3) Personal or individual objectives: These
objectives are related to the employees of the organisation. Employees are the
most important resources of every company and satisfied and motivated employees
contribute maximum for the organisations. The main individual objectives of
management are:
a) Competitive salary, personal growth
and development.
b) Good and healthy working
conditions.
c) Participation in management and social
recognition.
d) Reasonable security of service.
4) General objectives: Besides the
above mentioned main objectives, management tries to achieve the following
several objectives:
a) Maximum prosperity for employer and
employees.
b) Human betterment and social
justice.
c) Economic development and growth.
Q.5.
Explain the importance of management.
Ans: IMPORTANCE/SIGNIFICANCE OF
MANAGEMENT: According to Drucker, management is the dynamic life giving
element in every organization. In its absence, an organization is merely a
collection of men, machines, money and material. The importance of management
is:
a) Optimum Use of Resources: Management always concentrates on
optimum utilisation of resources of the enterprise. The available resources for
production put to use in effective way so as to reduce wastages.
b) Effective leadership and Motivation: In the absence of management,
the working of an enterprise will become unorganised and unsystematic.
Management creates teamwork and motivates employees to work harder and better
by providing guidance, counseling and effective leadership.
c) Achievement of Goals: Objectives can be achieved only when the
human and non human resources are combined in a proper way. Managers plan
carefully, organize the resources properly, hire efficient people and provide
necessary guidance to achieve organisation objectives. Thus management is goal
oriented.
d) Reduces Costs: In modern time, it is
necessary for every business enterprise to minimise the cost of production and
distribution. Only those concerns can survive in the market which can produce
better quality product at a minimum cost. Management
uses physical, human and financial resources in such a manner which results in
efficiency and effectiveness in the work. This helps in reducing cost of production.
e) Effective and smooth running of business: Management ensures
efficient and smooth running of business through better planning, sound
organisation and effective control of the various factors of production.
f) Provide innovation: Management gives new ideas, imaginations and
visions to the enterprise.
Q.6. “Management is a science and also
an art”. Comment. Why management is not an exact science? 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2019
Ans: Management As a
Science: Science is defined as a systematized body of knowledge and it
uses scientific methods of observation measurement, experimentation etc. Science
may be normative and positive both. Its principles are exact and university
applicable. Similarly, Management has systematized body of knowledge and its
principles are evolved on the basis of observation and are applicable
universally. Management is also considered as a science since it is based on
certain definite principles and particular methods are applied to solve various
problems before the management personnel. But at the same time it should also
be born into mind that management cannot be given the place of science like
Physics, Chemistry etc. It is not as true and full of facts as the natural
sciences are in their subject matter. There are several reasons which do not
allow management to be considered as pure science. These are:
a)
Universally unverifiable: Management
principles are not universally verifiable.
b)
Modified plans and policies: Unlike science, managers are deals with government, employees, customers etc. who
are human beings and it is not possible to hold human beings constant and any
prediction about these factors is impossible.
c)
Based on imaginary considerations: Management principles and concepts are based on imaginary
considerations like human behaviour, etc. Its principles when executed do not
provide exact results.
d)
Incomprehensive: Various
managerial techniques are new and not known to each and every manager due to
lack of proper training. A manager prefers other ways to solve managerial
problems.
Management As an Art: Art
refers to the way of doing specific things i.e. it indicates “how an objective
is to be achieved. It is the skill and ability to achieve the desired
results. Art is the practical
application of skill and ability guided by certain principles or truths.
Management is an art in the sense that it calls for ability and skill to
translate scientific management knowledge into meaningful practice. The art of
management consists in understanding the diverse managerial and organisational
situations and in applying relevant management concepts and methods to the
practical realities. Managers have to be creative and innovative in their
thinking and have to rely on their own previous experience in every situation.
Management is also an art in the sense that management involves blending and
balancing diverse interests and concerns, at a point of time and over a period
of time. In short, Management is considered as an art because of the followings
reasons:
a) The process of management involves the use of ability and skills.
b) The process of management is directed towards the accomplishment
of organisational objectives.
c) It is creative in the sense that it is the function of creating
productive situations needed for further improvements.
d) Management is personalized in the sense that every manager has his
own approach to problems.
Management is both a science as well as an
art. The science of management provides
certain principles that can guide managers in the professional efforts, while
the art of management deals with tackling every situation in an effective
manner. Planning and organizing
emphasize the science of management while direction, communication motivation
coordination and control emphasize art of management. Getting work done through people is an art of
management.
Q.7. “Is management becoming a profession”? Discuss in light of
emerging trend. 2008, 2016
Ans: Management is a Profession:
Profession is an occupation for which specialized skills and training are
required and these skills are used not for private profit but for the larger
interests of the society. There is a
professional body to control the behaviour of its members. At present management is not a full fledged
profession but it is heading towards becoming a profession. Management is by and
large becoming a profession. Management is emerging now as a profession because
it has the following essential features of process:
a) Management is a specialised body of knowledge having its own
principles, concepts and theories.
b) Proper training and education is essential for managers to improve
managerial skills.
c) Indian Management Association and All India Management Development
Association is set up in India to lays down the standards of education and
training for that entering management profession.
d) Manager must strictly observe code of conduct and ethics.
e) There is dominance of service motive in any profession. Management
aims at providing maximum efficiency at eh lowest cost so as to serve the
interests of employers, consumers, society and nation at large.
In conclusion, it may be said that managers at
the top level do not satisfy all the requirements of profession but management
is becoming a profession.
Q.8. Briefly explain “MANAGEMENT AS A PROCESS”.
Ans: - Management
is regarded as a process because it consists of Setting up objectives for an
enterprise and taking a series of steps such as planning, coordinating,
directing, organizing and staffing to ensure that these objectives are
achieved. This process starts at the top and continues in more or less degree
at every level of the organization.
Q.9. “MANAGEMENT AS A GROUP has the responsibility of an
enterprise”. Explain.
Ans: - Management as a GROUP refers to the Board of Directors or
Executive Directors who are responsible for effectively managing the affairs of
the business by guiding and controlling the work of other managers such as
production, sales, finance, personnel, quality control managers, etc. This
approach focuses on a team rather than individuals. This is because it is
believed that management as a team can contribute more effectively and
efficiently than an individual.
Q. 10. “Management is a learned DISCIPLINE”. Comment. 2007
Ans: Discipline is a subject that can be studied, organized and
taught. It should meet the basic requirements such as It should be
acceptable and It should be capable of discovering knowledge, which can be
verified, passed on to others and can be successfully applied.
A large number of schools, colleges &
universities have introduced management courses. It has got experts, thinkers
and philosophers of the subject. These experts are devoted to impart their
skill of the subject to learners of the discipline. They follow a code of
conduct prescribed for them. As such we can conclude that management is a
discipline.
Q.11. Explain in brief “MANAGEMENT AS AN ACTIVITY”.
Ans: Management is a human activity that plans, controls, directs
and organizes the efforts of all employees in the best interest of the
organization and society. For this the human and physical resources should be
integrated in such a way that there is minimum waste of material, time and
energy. It takes decisions on the following
activities:
a)
The goals of the
organization
b)
The activities to achieve
the goals of the organization.
c)
The people who will perform
those activities of the organization.
d)
The allocation of resources
for the various activities of the organization.
e)
It leads by doing oneself
what it wants others to do; and
f)
It directs the
subordinates by showing & encouraging them to do things the right way.
Q.12. What are the feature of
managerial functions?
Ans: Management functions have got the following
special features:
a)
Management functions are inter-related and
inseparable.
b)
All the management functions are necessary
they cannot be ignored.
c)
There is no rigid sequence of performance of
these functions.
d)
All managerial functions are performed
simultaneously, which make management a complex process.
Q.13. List out functions/ Elements of
Management. 2008, 2018
Ans: Functions/Elements of Management: According to
Henry Fayol, in every organization manager perform certain functions to achieve
results. These functions are broadly classified under five categories:-
a)
Planning: Planning is a process of making
decision about future. It provides direction to enterprise activities. Its work
is to decide in advance what is to be done, when and where it is to be done,
how it is to be done and by whom. The main functions of planning are Set up
goals, Forecasting, Search for alternatives source of action and Budgeting.
b)
Organizing: It is concerned with the
arrangement of an organization’s resources – people, material, technology and
finances in order to achieve enterprise objective. The main functions of
organizing are Job design, Job specification and Authority and responsibility.
c)
Staffing: Staffing is the function of employing
suitable personas for the enterprise. It may be defined as an activity where
people are recruited, selected, trained, developed, motivated and compensated
for manning various positions.
d)
Directing: According to Dale, direction is
telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their
ability. Directing is a function of guiding and supervising the activities of
sub ordinates. The four main elements of directing are: 2018
1. Supervising: Supervision means
instructing, guiding, monitoring and observing the employees while they are
performing jobs in the organisation.
2. Leadership: It is a process of
influencing the action of a person or a group to attain desired objectives. The
success of an organization depends upon the quality of leadership shown by its
managers.
3. Motivation: It is the process of
stimulating people to take desired courses of action. It is to inspire,
encourage and impel people to take required action.
4. Communication: It is a way of
reaching other with ideas, facts, and thoughts. Effective communication is
important in organization because managers Can achieve very little without it.
e)
Controlling: It is the management function
concerned with monitoring employee’s activities, keeping the organization on
track towards its goals, and making corrections as required. It include four
things:
Ø
setting standard of performance;
Ø
measuring actual performance;
Ø
comparing actual performance against the
standard ;
Ø
taking corrective actions to ensure goal
accomplishment.
Q.14. What is levels of management? What are its various
categories?
Ans: The term
management does mean a single individual doing all the managerial activities
but it refers to a group of person who are employed and placed at different
places to perform different managerial activities. To carry on these activities
these employees are given necessary authority and responsibility. This
authority and responsibility is divided into three levels which is called
levels of management. The main levels of management are: a) Top Level
management b) Middle level management c) Supervisory or operational or lower
level of management.
Q.15. Who are considered to be the operative management in an
organization? State functions of lower level management? 2009, 2013, 2018
Ans: Low level management is considered as operative management.
The first line/operative or low level management includes supervisors, foreman,
clerk, sub-department executive, Inspectors etc. They are a link between middle
level management and workers. They have the
following functions:
a)
Representing the problems of workers: They represent
the workers’ grievances before the middle level management.
b)
Looking to safety of workers: Lower level
managers provides safe and secure work environment for workers.
c)
Control of workers: They assign duties to
workers and guide them in handling their jobs efficiently.
d)
Helps in controlling wastage of materials: They
prevent wastage of materials by negligent workers which helps in reducing cost.
e)
Ensuring quality standards by the workers: They
try to maintain precise standard of quality and ensure steady flow of output.
Q.16. Who are considered to be the
MIDDLE LEVEL management in an organization? State functions of Middle level
management? 2015
Ans: Middle management consists of departmental heads and other
executive officers of different departments such as Purchase management. Sales
manager, Marketing Manager etc. They execute the policies framed by the top
management. They are a link between the top management and supervisory or lower
level of management. Functions of middle level management
a)
Interpretation of
policies framed by top management to lower and middle management: They explain
the main plans and policies framed by the top management to the lower level.
b)
Preparation of
organizational set up: They prepare the organizational set up of their
department.
c)
Recruitment/selection
of the required employees for their department: They find out suitable
personnel and assign duties to them for execution of their department
functions.
d)
Motivating the
employees: They offer various incentives to employees so that they get
motivated and perform to their best ability.
e)
Controlling and
instructing the employees: They control and instruct the lower level management
and also prepare their performance appraisal reports.
Q.17. Who are regarded as Top level management in a business
organization? State any two functions of Top mgt.? 2007
Ans: Top management
is the 3rd line of management, which consists of Chairman, Directors, Managing
Director, General Manager and other top-level executives required to achieve
the goals of the enterprise. For example: Mr. Hazarika has retired as the
managing director of a manufacturing company. He is said to be working at top
level of management.
The functions of top management are:
a)
Determining the
objectives of the enterprise: They determine both long term as well as short
term objective of the enterprise.
b)
Framing of plans
and policies: They formulate plans and policies to achieve the desired
objectives.
c)
Assigning
activities to different individuals: They assign jobs to different individuals
working at middle level.
d)
Assembling all the
resources needed: They assemble the resources such as finance, workers, fixed
assets etc. needed to put the plans into operation.
e)
Controlling the
performance of employees: They keep a check on the employees and their
performance to ensure that plans are implemented in the right direction.
Q.18.
Write down the difference between levels of management on the basis of their
functions.
|
Basis |
Top
Level Management |
Middle
Level Management |
Supervisory
Level Management |
|
Time Range |
It covers span of period. |
It covers intermediate range. |
It is concerned with short period. |
|
Skills |
It requires creative skills. |
It needs persuasive skills. |
It is concerned with operative skills. |
|
Evaluation |
It is difficult to evaluate its achievement. |
It is less difficult to evaluate its
performance |
It is easy to evaluate its performance |
|
Persons |
It involves few persons |
It concerns moderate number of persons |
It is concerned with large number of persons |
|
Policy formulation |
It is concerned with policy formulation to a
greater extent. |
It is moderately concerned with policy
formulation. |
It is least concerned with policy
formulation. |
Q.19. What
is coordination? What are its features? Mention its importance. 2007, 2010, 2017, 2020
Ans: Coordination
is defined as the process of bringing about unity and harmony of functioning
amongst the various elements of an organisation. In the words of Henry Fayol,”To co-ordinate is
to harmonise all the activities of a person in order to facilitate its working
and its success.”
The key features of coordination are as follows:
a)
Coordination is not
a distinct function but the very essence of management.
b)
It is the result of
conscious and concerted action by management.
c)
Coordination is a
continuous, never ending or on-going process. It is also a dynamic process.
d)
Coordination is
required in group efforts not in individual effort.
e)
Coordination has a
common purpose of getting organizational objectives accomplished.
Importance
of coordination
Co-ordination
is essential at every level of management for achieving harmony of individual
efforts. Where sub-division and departmentalization is essential, co-ordination
is all the more important. The important benefits of co-ordination are stated
as follows:
1.
Good Personnel Relations: Management
and staff create cordial human relations through co-ordination. The points of
dispute or conflict among different can be settled by mutual discussions.
2.
Unity of Direction: Coordination
helps in creating unity of direction. Different segments of the business may set
different goal. The coordination process helps in synchronizing various
efforts. It motivates various employees to view their work from the standpoint
of the business.
3.
Efficiency and Economy: Coordination
promotes efficiency and economy in the organisation. By coordinating activities
the efficiency is brought in the working. It also helps in avoiding delays and
eliminating duplication of efforts.
4. Size and
geographical coverage: An
organisation of large size has greater chances of conflicts and requires
coordination at each level. Similarly, organisation having several units,
departments and branches located at different places need to be balance and
harmonise.
5. Helpful in
Developing and Retaining of Personnel. Co-ordination
by synchronizing various activities helps in promoting team spirit among
organisational personnel. There will be no conflict or confusion in division of
work and everybody will try to improve his own performance.
Coordination as an Essence of Management 2019,
2020
Coordination, no doubt is the essence of
management because all the managerial functions cannot be completed without
proper coordination. It makes coordination as the soul of managerial
operations. The significance of co-ordination can be verified by the fact that management
experts such as Henry Fayol, R.C. Davis and Allen regard co-ordination as separate
function of management. Coordination aims at creating harmonious relationship
between departments, employees, manager and between workers and management. Effective
coordination results in unity of action, Inspite of individual differences. It
also results in integrated and balanced development, avoids overlapping and
duplication of work and creates thrilling atmosphere of mutual confidence and
co-operation. This is why; coordination is rightly said as the essence of
management. Coordination exists in every function of management which is
discussed below: (Process of coordination)
a)
Coordination
through Planning: Planning facilitates coordination by integrating the various
plans through mutual discussion, exchange of ideas. e.g., Coordination between
finance budget and purchases budget.
b)
Coordination
through Organizing: Coordination is very important at the time of organising. It
is necessary when a manager groups or departments and assigns various
activities to his subordinates or the departmental head.
c)
Coordination
through Staffing: A manager should bear in mind that the right number of
personnel in various positions with right type of education and skills are
taken which will ensure right men on the right job.
d)
Coordination
through Directing: The purpose of giving orders, instructions and guidance to
the subordinates is served only when there is a harmony between superiors and subordinates.
e)
Coordination
through Controlling: Manager ensures that there should be coordination between
actual performance and standard performance to achieve organizational goals.
Now we can
conclude that all the functions of management are affected by coordination.
Hence coordination is essential for achieving the objectives of the
organisation. It is also required for the survival, growth and profitability of
the organisation. Coordination encourages team spirit, gives right direction,
motivates employees, and makes proper utilisation of resources. Therefore,
Coordination is rightly called the "Essence of Management".
Q.20. What
is the result of an effective co- ordination?
Ans: An effective co – ordination
results in:
a) Efficient
and economical use of resources.
b) Creates
congenial atmosphere of work.
c) Saves from
the losses caused by unnecessary efforts.
Q.21. Distinguish between coordination and
co-operation and co-ordination and control.
Ans:
Difference between Coordination and Co-operation
|
Basis |
Coordination |
Cooperation |
|
1. Meaning |
It refers to
bringing together the activities of an organisation. |
It refers to
voluntary efforts of individuals to work together and help each other. |
|
2. Nature |
It is a
conscious and deliberate effort of manager. |
It is a
voluntary effort of employees. |
|
3. Scope |
It includes
co-operation and hence has a wider scope. |
It has a narrow
scope as it is towards establishing co-ordination. |
|
4. Requirement |
Co-ordination
is essential for achievement of organisational goal. |
Co-operation is
voluntary in nature. |
|
5. Relations |
Co-ordination
arises out of both formal and informal relations. |
It arises out
of informal relations. |
Difference between Co-ordination and Control
|
Basis |
Co-ordination |
Control |
|
1. Meaning |
It refers to
bringing together the activities of an organisation. |
Control is a
process which enables management to get its policies implemented and take
corrective actions. |
|
2. Responsibility |
Coordination is
the responsibility of all managers. |
Controlling is
the responsibility of top level management. |
|
3. Necessity |
Coordination is
needed in controlling. |
Controlling is
not necessary in coordination. |